Orthodontic treatment is a discipline in dentistry, like many other disciplines in this field, it can have adverse effects associated with the execution of treatment. These effects can be related to the patient or practitioner. Some of these effects are not fully understood, such as root resorption, and others are associated with orthodontic treatment without supporting evidence. Consideration of risk factors prior to treatment is important. Only risk factors that have been supported by previous evidence will be reviewed in this article. These adverse effects include root resorption, pain, pulpal changes, periodontal disease, decalcification, and temporomandibular dysfunction (TMD).

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